Vanadium
World mine production and reserves, 2024–2025
Share of world mine production, 2025 · world total 110,000 metric tons
- China 72%
- Russia 19%
- Brazil 4.7%
- South Africa 4.4%
China accounted for 72% of world mine production of vanadium in 2025 (82,000 metric tons). The largest reserves are in Australia (47% of the world figure), not in the top producer. World reserves equal about 191 years of 2025 output at that rate, the fourth longest of the 19 commodities where both figures exist. Among the main producers, South Africa changed most: −38% on 2024.
Producer log
6 countries listed separately
| Country | Mine production 2024 | Mine production 2025 | Share of world 2025 | Change on 2024 | Reserves | Share of world reserves |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| China | 84,000 | 82,000 | 72% | −2.4% | 5,800 | 27% |
| Russia | 21,000 | 21,000 | 18% | 0% | 5,000 | 23% |
| Brazil | 5,190 | 5,300 | 4.7% | +2.1% | 94 | 0.4% |
| South Africa | 8,050 | 5,000 | 4.4% | −38% | 520 | 2.4% |
| United States | 0 | 0 | 50 | 0.2% | ||
| Australia | 0 | 0 | 10,000 | 47% | ||
| World total | 118,000 | 110,000 | 100% | −6.8% | 21,000 | 100% |
Output versus reserves
same commodity, two measures
Mine production, 2025
- China 72%
- Russia 19%
- Brazil 4.7%
- South Africa 4.4%
Reserves (world 21 million metric tons)
- Australia 47%
- China 27%
- Russia 23%
- South Africa 2.4%
- Brazil 0.4%
- All other countries 0.2%
Reserves are the part of identified deposits that USGS considers economic to extract now; they change as prices, technology and surveys change. At the 2025 rate, the world reserve figure equals about 191 years of output.
United States
supply, trade and import sources
Net import reliance in 2025, as a percentage of apparent consumption.
Import sources of ferrovanadium, 2021–24
- Canada 50%
- Austria 35%
- Russia 6%
- Latvia 4%
- Other countries 5%
Uses named for it in the 2025 critical minerals list: batteries, catalysts, and metallurgy.
| Item | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Production from primary ore and concentrate | — | — | — | — | — |
| Production from ash, residues, and spent catalysts | 3,200 | 4,400 | 6,500 | 6,800 | 7,500 |
| Imports for consumption: Aluminum-vanadium master alloy | 35 | 104 | 221 | 67 | 10 |
| Imports for consumption: Ash and residues | 1,680 | 2,240 | 3,140 | 2,180 | 1,200 |
| Imports for consumption: Ferrovanadium | 2,170 | 2,650 | 2,330 | 1,820 | 2,200 |
| Imports for consumption: Oxides and hydroxides, other | 69 | 222 | 151 | 139 | 460 |
| Imports for consumption: Vanadium chemicals | 846 | 722 | 430 | 528 | 560 |
| Imports for consumption: Vanadium metal | 1 | 28 | 20 | 9 | 30 |
| Imports for consumption: Vanadium ores and concentrates | 4 | 492 | 674 | 395 | 90 |
| Imports for consumption: Vanadium pentoxide | 1,710 | 1,980 | 2,320 | 2,360 | 1,800 |
| Exports: Aluminum-vanadium master alloy | 72 | 28 | 36 | 83 | 22 |
| Exports: Ash and residues | 930 | 1,130 | 905 | 955 | 580 |
| Exports: Ferrovanadium | 173 | 154 | 159 | 68 | 10 |
| Exports: Oxides and hydroxides, other | 235 | 309 | 142 | 404 | 380 |
| Exports: Vanadium metal | 4 | 8 | 38 | 3 | 2 |
| Exports: Vanadium ores and concentrates | 81 | 185 | 160 | 17 | 20 |
| Exports: Vanadium pentoxide | 17 | 143 | 28 | 93 | 140 |
| Consumption: Apparent | 8,200 | 10,900 | 14,300 | 12,700 | 13,000 |
| Consumption: Reported | 8,030 | 7,510 | 8,000 | 8,500 | 9,000 |
| Stocks, yearend | 271 | 248 | 232 | 230 | 240 |
Source: USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, Vanadium chapter (PDF page 210). How to read these figures.